Best Water Softener for Abilene, TX — 17 Things to Know BEFORE You Buy!

Quick Facts About Water Quality in Abilene, TX
Water Hardness: 17.2 GPG — Extremely Hard
Key Contaminants: Iron, Chloramine, Fluoride
Recommended System: SoftPro Elite HE Water Softener
Best Grain Capacity: 64,000 grains for a 4-person household at 17.2 GPG
1. The Alarm Bell: Abilene's Extreme Water Problem
Sarah Martinez opened her dishwasher expecting clean glasses but found them clouded with white film again. After just six months in her new Abilene home, her appliances were failing faster than her warranty could cover them. What Sarah didn't know was that Abilene's water measures 17.2 grains per gallon (GPG) of hardness — classified as extremely hard water that ranks among the most aggressive in Texas.
To understand what 17.2 GPG means for your home, imagine your water pipes as arteries in your house's circulatory system. At Abilene's hardness level, calcium and magnesium minerals coat every surface like cholesterol building up in blood vessels. Each gallon of Abilene water carries enough dissolved rock to leave behind significant mineral deposits when heated or evaporated.
Abilene draws its municipal water primarily from three sources: Lytle Creek, Lake Fort Phantom Hill, and the Hickory Aquifer. The limestone and gypsum geology of West Texas saturates this water with calcium sulfate and magnesium carbonate. By the time it reaches your home, Abilene water contains more than five times the mineral content considered "moderately hard."
For Abilene homeowners, 17.2 GPG isn't just a water quality statistic — it's a financial emergency in slow motion. The average Abilene household loses $2,800 annually to hard water damage through increased energy costs, appliance replacement, and excessive soap consumption. Your water heater efficiency drops 35-40% within two years. Your dishwasher's heating elements calcify and fail. Your washing machine's pumps work overtime against mineral buildup until they burn out.
Every day you delay addressing Abilene's 17.2 GPG water hardness, the damage compounds. Scale doesn't just appear overnight — it accumulates grain by grain, day by day, until suddenly your tankless water heater stops heating, your showerhead clogs completely, and your morning coffee tastes like chalk.
2. What 17.2 GPG Does to Your Abilene Home
At 17.2 GPG, calcium carbonate doesn't just coat your water heater elements — it encases them like concrete. Within 18 months of installation, a standard 40-gallon electric water heater in Abilene loses 35-40% of its heating efficiency. The calcium and magnesium ions crystallize when heated, forming rock-hard deposits that insulate heating elements from the water they're trying to warm.
Your water heater isn't just working harder — it's slowly destroying itself. Abilene's mineral-rich water forces heating elements to operate at higher temperatures to compensate for the insulating scale layer. This thermal stress causes elements to crack and fail 60% sooner than in soft-water cities. What should be a 10-year appliance becomes a 4-year expense.
Inside Abilene's older galvanized steel pipes, 17.2 GPG water creates a different problem entirely. The calcium and magnesium don't just coat the pipe walls — they bond with iron oxide to create an ever-thickening mineral crust. In homes built before 1980, this process can reduce a 3/4-inch pipe to half its diameter within 8-10 years.
The calcite crystallization happens fastest at connection points where water turbulence is highest. Elbows, tees, and valve connections in Abilene homes show measurable narrowing within three years of exposure to 17.2 GPG water. Water pressure drops gradually, so homeowners often don't notice until the damage is severe.
Appliance manufacturers know about Abilene's water problem — many void warranties on tankless water heaters installed without water softeners in areas above 7 GPG. At 17.2 GPG, your dishwasher's spray arms clog within months. The internal heating element develops a calcium shell that makes proper sanitization impossible. Your washing machine's pumps strain against mineral buildup until they overheat and fail.
The soap chemistry tells the story most clearly. In Abilene's 17.2 GPG water, calcium and magnesium ions react with soap molecules to form insoluble scum instead of cleaning lather. An Abilene household uses 3-4 times more laundry detergent, dish soap, and shampoo compared to soft-water cities — adding approximately $480 annually in cleaning product costs.
Your skin and hair become unwilling participants in Abilene's mineral experiment. Calcium ions strip natural moisture from skin cells, leaving behind a tight, dry feeling that no amount of lotion seems to fix. Hair shafts become coated with mineral deposits, making them dull, brittle, and impossible to manage.
White cotton clothes washed in Abilene's 17.2 GPG water turn grey within six months. The mineral deposits bond to fabric fibers, making clothes feel scratchy and stiff even with fabric softener. Dark colors fade faster as calcium carbonate creates a chalky film over fabric dyes.
The annual "hard water tax" for an average Abilene household approaches $2,800 when you calculate increased energy costs ($720), premature appliance replacement ($1,200), excess soap and detergent ($480), and additional maintenance ($400). At 17.2 GPG, hard water isn't just an inconvenience — it's a major household expense that compounds every year you don't address it.
3. Abilene's Specific Contaminant Profile
Beyond the crushing 17.2 GPG hardness baseline, Abilene residents are also contending with iron, chloramine, and fluoride — each of which interacts with water hardness in its own problematic way. Understanding these secondary issues is crucial because they determine whether a water softener alone can solve your water problems or if you need additional treatment stages.
Iron in Abilene Water
Abilene's iron comes primarily from the Hickory Aquifer, where groundwater dissolves iron from sandstone and shale formations. Most of this iron enters your home as ferrous iron — completely dissolved, invisible, and tasteless until it contacts oxygen or heat. Then it oxidizes into the familiar rust-colored stains that plague Abilene fixtures.
At 17.2 GPG hardness, iron creates a compounded staining problem. The calcium and magnesium deposits provide nucleation sites where iron particles can bond and concentrate. Instead of simple rust stains, you get thick, orange-brown mineral crusts that are nearly impossible to remove from toilets, sinks, and shower walls.
Iron above 0.3 mg/L — the EPA's secondary maximum contaminant level — fouls water softener resin. The iron particles coat the resin beads, blocking their ability to exchange calcium and magnesium ions. For Abilene homes with both extreme hardness and iron, this means your softener will fail to regenerate properly within months without pre-filtration.
An iron breaker or greensand filter upstream of your water softener is essential in Abilene. The pre-filter removes iron before it can damage the softening resin, while the softener handles the 17.2 GPG mineral load.
Chloramine in Abilene Water
Abilene's water treatment system uses chloramine instead of chlorine for disinfection because it remains stable longer in the distribution system. While this prevents bacterial growth in pipes, chloramine is significantly harder to remove than chlorine and creates its own set of household problems.
Chloramine gives Abilene water its characteristic "band-aid" or medicinal odor that's strongest from hot water taps. The chemical is more stable than chlorine, so it doesn't dissipate by sitting in an open container overnight. It also reacts with rubber gaskets and seals throughout your plumbing system, causing them to deteriorate faster — a problem accelerated by the simultaneous scale buildup from 17.2 GPG hardness.
Standard carbon filters cannot remove chloramine effectively — you need catalytic carbon specifically designed for chloramine reduction. The SoftPro Elite HE water softener does not remove chloramine, so Abilene residents concerned about taste and odor should consider a whole-house catalytic carbon filter in addition to their softening system.
For aquarium owners, chloramine is toxic to fish even at municipal treatment levels. In Abilene, both the extreme hardness and chloramine presence make tap water unsuitable for aquatic pets without proper treatment.
Fluoride in Abilene Water
Abilene intentionally adds fluoride to the municipal water supply at approximately 0.7 mg/L, following CDC recommendations for dental health. This level is well below the EPA's maximum contaminant level of 4.0 mg/L and the secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L for aesthetic effects.
Water softeners do not remove fluoride — the ion exchange process only targets calcium and magnesium. If Abilene residents have concerns about fluoride consumption, a reverse osmosis system at the drinking water tap is the most effective removal method. This would be installed separately from and in addition to the whole-house water softener that addresses the 17.2 GPG hardness.
The combination of fluoride, extreme hardness, and chloramine creates a complex water chemistry that requires a layered treatment approach for complete resolution. Most Abilene homeowners prioritize the softener first to stop ongoing damage, then add point-of-use treatment for drinking water quality.
4. Why Most Abilene Homeowners Pick the Wrong Softener
When Lisa Thompson's water heater failed after just two years in her Abilene home, she rushed to the nearest home improvement store and bought the cheapest water softener on the shelf. Six months later, she was still dealing with scale buildup and hard water stains. Her mistake? She bought a 24,000-grain unit designed for moderately hard water, not Abilene's extreme 17.2 GPG challenge.
Mistake 1: Buying on Price Alone
An undersized softener cannot handle the continuous mineral assault of 17.2 GPG water. Resin exhaustion happens frighteningly fast at Abilene's hardness level — a 24,000-grain unit that works adequately in a 7 GPG city will be overwhelmed by a typical Abilene household's demand within 2-3 days. The result is hard water breakthrough that defeats the entire purpose of having a softener.
At 17.2 GPG, you're not just buying a water softener — you're investing in infrastructure protection for your home. The $200 you save buying an undersized unit will cost you thousands in continued appliance damage and premature replacement.
Mistake 2: Confusing Softeners with Filters
Water softeners use ion exchange to remove calcium and magnesium exclusively — they do not reliably remove iron, chloramine, or fluoride. Abilene residents dealing with both 17.2 GPG hardness and secondary contaminants need a two-stage approach: proper pre-filtration for iron, and separate treatment for taste and odor issues.
This isn't a design flaw — it's chemistry. Asking a water softener to handle iron removal at Abilene's hardness level is like asking your car's oil filter to also purify the gasoline. Each treatment technology excels in its specific role but fails when pushed beyond its designed purpose.
Mistake 3: Ignoring Grain Capacity Math
The sizing formula for Abilene's extreme hardness is non-negotiable:
4 people × 75 gallons/day × 17.2 GPG = 5,160 grains daily
5,160 × 7 days = 36,120 grains weekly
Add 20% buffer = 43,344 grains needed
This calculation reveals that a 4-person Abilene household needs at least 48,000 grains of capacity to regenerate weekly. Anything smaller forces more frequent regeneration, wastes salt and water, and increases the risk of breakthrough during high-usage periods.
Mistake 4: Overlooking Salt Efficiency
At 17.2 GPG, a water softener regenerates 2-3 times more often than it would in a moderate hardness city. An inefficient unit that uses 15 pounds of salt per regeneration will consume 180-240 pounds monthly in Abilene. A high-efficiency system using 8-10 pounds per cycle cuts that consumption nearly in half.
Over a 10-year lifespan in Abilene, salt efficiency translates to $800-1,200 in savings. The math is simple: frequent regeneration at 17.2 GPG magnifies every inefficiency in your softener's design.
Homeowner Checklist Before Buying
- Calculate your exact grain capacity needs using Abilene's 17.2 GPG
- Confirm the system is NSF/ANSI 44 certified for performance
- Verify salt efficiency ratings and regeneration frequency
- Plan for iron pre-filtration if you have staining issues
- Budget for professional installation and proper drain setup
5. The SoftPro Elite HE: Built for Abilene's Water
After evaluating Abilene's water hardness of 17.2 GPG and the presence of iron, chloramine, and fluoride in the local supply, one system consistently rises to the top for Abilene homeowners: the SoftPro Elite HE Water Softener. This isn't marketing hyperbole — it's the logical engineering solution to Abilene's specific water chemistry challenges.
Salt-Based Ion Exchange: The Only Real Solution
Salt-free systems do not actually remove hardness minerals — they only attempt to change crystal structure through template-assisted crystallization. At 17.2 GPG, this approach is completely inadequate. The sheer mineral load overwhelms any template system, leaving you with the same scale and damage you started with.
The SoftPro Elite HE uses true cation exchange resin to physically replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions. This is the only method that delivers genuinely soft water at Abilene's extreme hardness level. Post-treatment water measures less than 1 GPG — a 94% reduction in hardness minerals.
Demand-Initiated Regeneration (DIR): Critical for 17.2 GPG
At 17.2 GPG, resin exhausts faster than in any moderate hardness city — often in just 2-3 days for busy households. Timer-based regeneration systems either waste salt regenerating too early or allow hard water breakthrough when they regenerate too late. Neither option is acceptable in Abilene.
DIR regenerates only when the resin is actually depleted, measured by actual water usage and hardness removal. For Abilene households, this prevents the disaster of hard water breakthrough during peak usage periods while avoiding the waste of unnecessary regeneration cycles.
NSF/ANSI Standard 44 Certified Performance
Certification verifies that the resin meets strict performance and materials safety standards under controlled laboratory conditions. For Abilene residents already managing iron, chloramine, and fluoride in their water supply, knowing the softening process itself doesn't introduce additional contaminants is essential.
The NSF testing includes efficiency ratings, capacity verification, and materials safety — all conducted by independent laboratories. At 17.2 GPG, you need performance guarantees, not marketing claims.
Grain Capacity Options: Right-Sized for Abilene
The SoftPro Elite HE offers 32,000, 48,000, 64,000, and 80,000-grain capacity options. For most Abilene households:
• 2 people: 48,000 grains minimum
• 3-4 people: 64,000 grains recommended
• 5+ people: 80,000 grains for optimal performance
These recommendations account for Abilene's 17.2 GPG hardness and allow for 5-7 day regeneration cycles. Smaller units force daily or every-other-day regeneration, which wastes salt and water while increasing wear on the control valve.
10-Year Warranty: Protection During Peak Stress
At 17.2 GPG, softener resin sees more mineral exposure in one year than moderate-hardness systems see in three years. The 10-year warranty provides Abilene homeowners with protection during the period of highest hardness stress — when inferior systems typically fail.
This warranty covers the control valve, resin tank, and internal components. Given Abilene's water conditions, a long warranty isn't luxury — it's necessity.
Iron Pre-Filtration Compatibility
The SoftPro Elite HE is specifically designed to work downstream of iron removal systems. For Abilene homes with iron staining, an iron breaker or greensand filter removes iron before it can foul the softening resin. The softener then handles the 17.2 GPG mineral load without interference.
This staged approach prevents resin fouling that would otherwise shorten system life and reduce performance in Abilene's complex water chemistry.
Commercial-Grade Construction
The SoftPro Elite HE uses fiberglass resin tanks and stainless steel internal components — materials chosen for longevity under high-mineral conditions. At 17.2 GPG, plastic components crack and corrode faster than in soft-water applications. The commercial-grade construction ensures the system survives Abilene's aggressive water chemistry.
For Abilene households dealing with 17.2 GPG of water hardness and the compounding presence of iron, chloramine, and fluoride, the SoftPro Elite HE is not a comfort upgrade — it is infrastructure protection for your home.
Recommended Setup for Abilene Homes
Primary System: SoftPro Elite HE (64K grain capacity for 4-person household)
Pre-Filtration: Iron removal if staining is present
Post-Filtration: Catalytic carbon for chloramine (optional)
Point-of-Use: Reverse osmosis at kitchen sink for fluoride concerns (optional)
6. How to Size Your Softener for Abilene
Proper sizing for Abilene's 17.2 GPG water isn't optional — it's the difference between a system that protects your home and one that fails within months. The extreme hardness level means there's no room for error in capacity calculations.
Step 1: Count household members
Step 2: Multiply by 75 gallons per person per day
Step 3: Multiply household gallons × 17.2 GPG = daily grain demand
Step 4: Multiply by 7 = weekly grain demand
Step 5: Add 20% buffer for high-usage days
Step 6: Match to SoftPro Elite HE grain tier
Here's the calculation for a 4-person Abilene household:
4 people × 75 gallons = 300 gallons daily
300 gallons × 17.2 GPG = 5,160 grains daily
5,160 × 7 days = 36,120 grains weekly
36,120 + 20% buffer = 43,344 grains needed
Result: 48,000-grain capacity minimum, 64,000-grain recommended for optimal 5-7 day regeneration cycles.
The 20% buffer accounts for high-usage days when guests visit, laundry piles up, or lawn irrigation systems draw from the same softened water supply. At 17.2 GPG, running out of soft water capacity means immediate scale formation — there's no gradual degradation like with moderate hardness.
Regenerating every 5-7 days maximizes salt efficiency and resin life. More frequent regeneration wastes salt and water. Less frequent regeneration risks breakthrough during peak demand periods — a catastrophic failure mode in Abilene's water conditions.
7. Installation in Abilene: What to Know
Abilene does not require a licensed plumber for water softener installation, but the city's extreme hardness makes professional installation strongly recommended. Improper installation that allows even brief periods of hard water bypass can cause immediate damage to your water heater and appliances.
The softener must be installed after the main water shutoff valve but before the water heater. In Abilene's climate, the preferred location is inside a conditioned space — garage installations work year-round, but outdoor installations require freeze protection during occasional winter cold snaps.
Drain line placement is critical because the SoftPro Elite HE will regenerate frequently in Abilene's 17.2 GPG water. The drain must handle 40-60 gallons of brine discharge every 5-7 days. Connection to a utility sink, floor drain, or dedicated standpipe prevents flooding during regeneration cycles.
Abilene's municipal water pressure typically ranges from 45-65 PSI, which is ideal for the SoftPro Elite HE. Homes with pressure above 80 PSI need a pressure reducing valve to prevent damage to the control head and internal seals.
Salt type selection matters more at 17.2 GPG than in moderate hardness areas: Use evaporated salt pellets exclusively. The higher purity prevents brine tank residue and ensures clean regeneration cycles. Solar crystals and rock salt leave behind impurities that accumulate faster under Abilene's high regeneration frequency.
Check salt levels weekly during the first month to establish consumption patterns. A 64,000-grain system in Abilene typically uses 15-20 pounds of salt per regeneration cycle, requiring monthly refilling of a standard brine tank.
8. Maintenance Schedule for Abilene Homeowners
At 17.2 GPG, your water softener works harder than systems in moderate hardness cities — the maintenance schedule must reflect this reality. Neglecting maintenance in Abilene's conditions leads to rapid system failure and return of damaging hard water.
Monthly Tasks
Check salt level every 30 days minimum — consumption is high at 17.2 GPG. The brine tank should maintain salt above the water line. If you see water above the salt, add 2-3 bags immediately.
Inspect for salt bridges — a hardened crust that forms above the water line and prevents proper brine formation. Salt bridges are more common in high-regeneration systems like those needed in Abilene. Break up any crust with a broom handle or similar tool.
Verify the bypass valve is in the service position. Accidental bypass at 17.2 GPG causes immediate scale formation throughout your plumbing system.
Quarterly Tasks (Every 3 Months)
Clean the brine tank completely every three months. High regeneration frequency in Abilene causes faster accumulation of salt residue and impurities. Empty the tank, scrub the walls, and refill with fresh evaporated pellets.
Test post-softener water hardness with a test strip. Properly functioning systems should show less than 1 GPG — any reading above 2 GPG indicates resin exhaustion or system malfunction.
Inspect and clean the sediment pre-filter if your home has iron issues. Iron fouling accelerates at 17.2 GPG, requiring more frequent filter maintenance than manufacturer recommendations.
Annual Tasks
Perform a complete brine tank cleaning and disinfection. Remove all salt, scrub with mild bleach solution, rinse thoroughly, and refill. This prevents bacterial growth and removes accumulated impurities.
Check resin bed performance by testing water hardness before and after the system. If post-softener hardness creeps above 1 GPG despite proper salt levels, the resin may need cleaning or replacement.
Audit regeneration cycles to ensure timing and salt dosage remain optimal. Abilene's water conditions may require adjusting the regeneration frequency or salt dose as the system ages.
Five-Year Evaluation
At 17.2 GPG, assess resin replacement needs every five years instead of the typical 8-10 year interval. High-hardness conditions degrade resin faster than moderate-hardness cities. If efficiency drops significantly, resin replacement restores full performance.
Professional inspection every five years helps identify wear patterns and potential failures before they become expensive problems. The extreme conditions in Abilene justify this preventive approach.
30-Day Action Plan for Abilene Homeowners
Week 1: Test current water hardness and document appliance conditions
Week 2: Calculate proper system size and research installation requirements
Week 3: Order SoftPro Elite HE and schedule installation
Week 4: Install system and retest water to confirm proper operation
9. Is Abilene's water at 17.2 GPG dangerous to drink?
No, Abilene's 17.2 GPG water hardness does not pose direct health risks for most people. The calcium and magnesium minerals causing the hardness are actually beneficial nutrients. The EPA does not regulate water hardness as a health contaminant — the classification is based on household and industrial effects.
However, the secondary effects of extremely hard water can impact health indirectly. Skin irritation and eczema worsen significantly above 10 GPG due to mineral deposits that strip natural skin oils. Hair becomes brittle and difficult to manage as calcium coats the hair shafts.
10. Will a water softener remove iron from Abilene's water?
Water softeners can remove small amounts of dissolved iron, but Abilene's iron levels often exceed what softener resin can handle long-term. Iron above 0.3 mg/L fouls the resin beads, reducing their ability to remove calcium and magnesium.
For Abilene homes with iron staining, install an iron removal system upstream of the water softener. This protects the softener resin while ensuring both iron and hardness minerals are properly removed. The SoftPro Elite HE is designed to work effectively downstream of iron pre-filtration.
11. How much salt will I use per month in Abilene at 17.2 GPG?
A properly sized SoftPro Elite HE system (64,000 grains) serving a 4-person Abilene household will use approximately 80-100 pounds of salt monthly. This accounts for regenerating every 5-6 days at 17.2 GPG hardness.
Each regeneration cycle uses 15-20 pounds of salt depending on the system size and efficiency settings. High-efficiency systems like the SoftPro Elite HE use 30-40% less salt than standard softeners, which adds up to significant savings in Abilene's high-regeneration environment.
12. Does Abilene require a permit to install a water softener?
The City of Abilene does not require permits for water softener installation when no new plumbing connections are made. However, if installation requires moving or adding water lines, electrical connections, or drain modifications, permits may be required.
Check with Abilene's Building Inspection Department before installation if you're unsure about permit requirements. Professional installers are familiar with local codes and can handle permit applications if needed.
13. Why does soft water feel slippery in the shower?
The slippery feeling is actually your skin's natural oils and moisture that were previously stripped away by Abilene's 17.2 GPG hard water. Calcium and magnesium ions bond with soap to form an insoluble film that coats skin and prevents proper cleansing.
With soft water, soap works properly to remove dirt and bacteria while leaving natural skin oils intact. The "slippery" sensation is clean, moisturized skin — most people adjust to the feeling within 2-3 weeks and prefer it to the tight, dry sensation of hard water.
14. How quickly will I see results after installing a softener in Abilene?
Results from water softening appear at different speeds depending on the application. Soap lather improves immediately — you'll notice rich, creamy suds in the first shower. Skin and hair feel different within 2-3 days as mineral buildup is removed.
Appliance protection begins immediately, but reversing existing scale takes time. Water heater efficiency improvements appear within 30-60 days as soft water gradually dissolves existing calcium deposits. Complete scale removal from fixtures and appliances can take 3-6 months in Abilene due to the severity of existing buildup.
15. Can the SoftPro Elite HE handle Abilene's water without a separate filter?
The SoftPro Elite HE effectively handles Abilene's 17.2 GPG hardness and moderate iron levels without additional filtration. However, chloramine removal requires a separate catalytic carbon filter if taste and odor are concerns.
For homes with significant iron staining or iron levels above 0.5 mg/L, pre-filtration protects the softener resin and ensures optimal performance. Fluoride removal requires point-of-use reverse osmosis — water softeners do not remove fluoride from Abilene's municipal supply.
16. What's the payback period for a water softener in Abilene?
In Abilene's 17.2 GPG conditions, a quality water softener typically pays for itself within 18-24 months through energy savings, reduced soap usage, and prevented appliance damage. The annual hard water cost of $2,800 makes the investment math compelling.
Energy savings alone account for $600-800 annually as your water heater regains efficiency. Preventing premature appliance replacement saves $1,200+ per year on average. Reduced soap and detergent usage adds another $400-500 in annual savings.
17. Final Verdict for Abilene
Abilene's water hardness of 17.2 GPG demands immediate, professional-grade treatment — this isn't a situation where you can wait and see or try budget solutions. Every month of delay costs Abilene homeowners hundreds of dollars in accelerated appliance damage, energy waste, and excessive cleaning product consumption.
Iron, chloramine, and fluoride compound the hardness problem in specific ways that require understanding your water chemistry completely. The SoftPro Elite HE is the right match for Abilene because its demand-initiated regeneration prevents breakthrough during peak usage, its NSF-certified resin handles the extreme mineral load, and its commercial-grade construction survives the aggressive water chemistry that destroys lesser systems.
For Abilene households, water softening isn't about comfort or convenience — it's about protecting the largest investment most families will ever make. Check current SoftPro Elite HE pricing and available grain capacities for your household size. Your home's plumbing, appliances, and your family's daily comfort depend on making this decision quickly and correctly.
Just like the mesquite trees that define Abilene's landscape have adapted to survive in harsh West Texas conditions, your home's water treatment system must be equally resilient to thrive against the relentless mineral assault of 17.2 GPG water.












