Best Water Softener for Bakersfield, CA — 17 Things to Know BEFORE You Buy!

Best Water Softener for Bakersfield, CA — 17 Things to Know BEFORE You Buy!

Written by Craig "The Water Guy" Phillips

Quick Facts About Water Quality in Bakersfield, CA

Water Hardness: 13.2 GPG — Extremely Hard

Key Contaminants: Chlorine, Iron, Nitrates

Recommended System: SoftPro Elite HE Water Softener

Best Grain Capacity: 48,000 grains for a 4-person household at 13.2 GPG

1. The Local Water Problem in Bakersfield, CA

Your dishwasher's heating element is dying a slow death, coated in a concrete-like shell that grows thicker every day. In Bakersfield, this isn't a maintenance issue — it's an inevitable consequence of the city's 13.2 GPG water hardness, a measurement that places local water firmly in the "extremely hard" category. To understand what 13.2 grains per gallon means, imagine your water carrying the mineral equivalent of dissolving chalk into every glass, every shower, every load of laundry.

Bakersfield's water originates from a blend of sources including the Kern River and groundwater wells throughout the San Joaquin Valley. As this water travels through limestone and mineral-rich geological formations, it picks up massive concentrations of calcium and magnesium — the primary culprits behind water hardness. At 13.2 GPG, Bakersfield residents are dealing with nearly double the hardness threshold that appliance manufacturers consider "safe" for warranty coverage.

The financial implications compound daily in Bakersfield homes. At 13.2 GPG, calcium carbonate deposits form so rapidly that a standard 40-gallon water heater can lose 35-40% of its heating efficiency within just 18 months of installation. Your monthly energy bills creep upward as the heating element struggles through an ever-thickening mineral crust, while soap and detergent costs double or triple as hardness minerals prevent proper lathering.

For the 380,000 residents of Bakersfield, extremely hard water isn't just an inconvenience — it's a hidden tax on homeownership that can cost thousands of dollars annually in premature appliance replacement, excessive energy consumption, and wasted household products. Understanding how to address 13.2 GPG hardness isn't optional; it's essential financial protection for your home's infrastructure and your family's budget.

 water score calculator 1

2. What 13.2 GPG Does to Your Home

At 13.2 GPG, calcium carbonate doesn't just coat your pipes — it forms geological layers inside them like sedimentary rock formations. Every time water flows through your plumbing system, dissolved calcium and magnesium ions seek surfaces to crystallize upon. When water is heated or evaporates, these minerals precipitate out of solution at an alarming rate, creating scale deposits that grow by measurable fractions of millimeters each month.

Your water heater bears the heaviest burden of Bakersfield's extreme hardness. At 13.2 GPG, scale formation on heating elements occurs so rapidly that efficiency loss becomes noticeable within the first six months. The calcium carbonate acts like an insulating blanket around heating coils, forcing them to work 40-50% harder to achieve the same water temperature. For Bakersfield homeowners, this translates to a water heater lifespan of 5-7 years instead of the typical 10-12 years, representing a premature replacement cost of $1,200-$2,000.

Tankless water heaters face even more severe consequences in Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG environment. The narrow heat exchanger passages that make tankless units efficient also make them vulnerable to complete blockage from mineral deposits. Most tankless manufacturers void warranties entirely when hardness exceeds 7 GPG without a softener — meaning Bakersfield installations at 13.2 GPG operate with zero manufacturer protection from day one.

Pipes throughout Bakersfield homes experience measurable diameter reduction within 3-5 years at 13.2 GPG hardness levels. Older galvanized steel plumbing, common in pre-1980 Bakersfield neighborhoods, develops calcium buildup that can reduce water flow by 30-40% and create pressure drops that affect shower performance and appliance operation.

 water softener article supporting image 2

The soap and detergent waste at 13.2 GPG hardness reaches staggering proportions. Calcium and magnesium ions chemically react with soap molecules to form insoluble precipitates instead of cleaning lather. Bakersfield households typically use 3-4 times more laundry detergent, dish soap, and shampoo compared to soft-water cities, creating an annual "hardness tax" of $300-500 just in wasted cleaning products.

Appliance damage extends far beyond water heaters in Bakersfield's extreme hardness environment. Dishwashers develop white film on interior surfaces that becomes permanent etching above 12 GPG. Washing machines experience bearing failure and pump problems as mineral-laden water creates abrasive slurries. Coffee makers and steam irons clog completely within months, while ice makers produce cloudy, off-tasting cubes that reflect the high mineral content.

For Bakersfield families, skin and hair effects become particularly pronounced at 13.2 GPG. Calcium ions strip natural oils from skin, leading to increased dryness, irritation, and exacerbation of conditions like eczema. Hair becomes coated with mineral deposits that leave it feeling rough, looking dull, and requiring significantly more conditioning products to maintain manageability.

The total annual cost of 13.2 GPG hardness for a typical Bakersfield household reaches $1,800-2,400 when combining energy waste, soap waste, appliance depreciation, and premature replacement costs. This "hard water tax" represents one of the highest hidden homeownership expenses in the San Joaquin Valley, making water softening not a luxury upgrade but an essential financial protection strategy.

3. Bakersfield's Specific Contaminant Profile

Beyond the crushing 13.2 GPG hardness baseline, Bakersfield residents contend with a layered water quality challenge that includes chlorine, iron, and nitrates — each interacting with the extreme mineral content in problematic ways. Understanding how these contaminants behave in Bakersfield's hard water environment is crucial for selecting the right treatment approach.

Chlorine

Bakersfield's water system uses chlorine as the primary disinfectant, added at treatment plants to maintain safety throughout the distribution network. Chlorine enters the water supply as a necessary public health measure, killing harmful bacteria and viruses that could pose serious health risks to the city's nearly 400,000 residents.

At 13.2 GPG hardness, chlorine interacts with calcium and magnesium deposits in pipes, creating a more corrosive environment that accelerates the degradation of rubber gaskets, O-rings, and metal fixtures. The high mineral content also provides more surfaces for chlorine to react with, often resulting in stronger taste and odor complaints during summer months when treatment levels increase.

Bakersfield residents typically notice chlorine through a sharp, swimming pool-like odor and taste, particularly noticeable in morning showers and first-draw drinking water. The interaction with extreme hardness can also create chlorinated scale deposits that are more difficult to clean from surfaces than standard mineral buildup alone.

The EPA maximum residual disinfectant level for chlorine is 4.0 mg/L, with Bakersfield's levels typically maintained between 1.0-2.5 mg/L throughout the system. While the SoftPro Elite HE softener removes hardness minerals, chlorine requires a separate activated carbon filtration stage for complete removal.

 water softener article supporting image 3

Iron

Iron contamination in Bakersfield water originates from both natural geological sources and the corrosion of aging iron pipes throughout the distribution system. The San Joaquin Valley's sedimentary geology contains iron-bearing minerals that dissolve into groundwater, while decades-old pipe infrastructure contributes additional iron through oxidation processes.

At 13.2 GPG, iron creates compounded problems by bonding with calcium deposits to form rust-colored scale that stains fixtures, laundry, and dishwasher interiors. This iron-calcium complex is significantly more difficult to remove than either contaminant alone, often requiring mechanical scrubbing and specialized cleaning products.

Bakersfield homeowners typically first notice iron contamination through reddish-brown staining on white porcelain fixtures, orange spots on laundry, and metallic taste in drinking water. The staining becomes more pronounced and permanent when combined with extreme hardness, as the calcium provides a binding matrix that locks iron deposits onto surfaces.

The EPA secondary maximum contaminant level for iron is 0.3 mg/L, established primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than health concerns. However, iron above this level can foul water softener resin, requiring an iron-specific pre-filter upstream of the SoftPro Elite HE to prevent premature resin replacement.

Nitrates

Nitrate contamination in Bakersfield stems primarily from agricultural runoff throughout the San Joaquin Valley, where decades of fertilizer application have saturated groundwater supplies. As one of California's most intensive agricultural regions, the area around Bakersfield faces ongoing challenges with nitrate infiltration into municipal water sources.

Nitrates interact indirectly with 13.2 GPG hardness by complicating treatment options — while extreme hardness demands immediate attention through water softening, nitrates require completely different removal technologies. This dual contamination scenario forces Bakersfield homeowners to consider multi-stage treatment approaches.

Nitrate contamination is essentially invisible to homeowners — no taste, odor, or visual cues indicate its presence. Only laboratory testing can detect nitrate levels, making it a silent concern that requires proactive monitoring rather than reactive response to obvious symptoms.

The EPA maximum contaminant level for nitrates is 10 mg/L (measured as nitrogen), established due to health risks for infants and pregnant women. Critically important for Bakersfield residents: water softeners do NOT remove nitrates. The SoftPro Elite HE addresses hardness minerals only, requiring a separate reverse osmosis system at drinking water taps for nitrate removal.

4. Why Most Bakersfield Homeowners Pick the Wrong Softener

Walk into any Bakersfield home improvement store and you'll find softeners marketed for "typical" hard water — but there's nothing typical about 13.2 GPG. Most homeowners make critical sizing and technology mistakes because they treat extremely hard water like a minor inconvenience rather than the infrastructure threat it actually represents.

Mistake 1 — Buying on Price Alone

A $400 softener from a big box store might handle 3-5 GPG adequately, but it will fail catastrophically under Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG demand. Resin exhaustion happens three to four times faster at extreme hardness levels, meaning an undersized unit regenerates daily or even multiple times per day, wasting massive amounts of salt and water while still allowing hard water breakthrough during peak usage periods.

Mistake 2 — Confusing Softeners with Filters

Water softeners use ion exchange technology to remove calcium and magnesium only — they are not universal water treatment devices. Bakersfield residents dealing with chlorine, iron, and nitrates alongside 13.2 GPG hardness need a multi-stage approach. A softener alone cannot address the chlorine taste, iron staining, or nitrate contamination present in local water supplies.

 water softener article supporting image 4

Mistake 3 — Ignoring Grain Capacity Math

Here's the formula every Bakersfield homeowner needs: [People] × 75 gallons/day × 13.2 GPG = daily grain demand. For a 4-person household: 4 × 75 × 13.2 = 3,960 grains per day. Multiply by 7 days = 27,720 grains per week. Add a 20% buffer for high-usage days = 33,264 grains needed between regenerations. This calculation reveals why a 24,000-grain unit — adequate for moderate hardness — becomes completely inadequate for Bakersfield's extreme conditions.

Mistake 4 — Overlooking Salt Efficiency

At 13.2 GPG, regeneration frequency makes salt efficiency critical for long-term operating costs. An inefficient softener might use 15-20 pounds of salt per regeneration cycle, while a high-efficiency unit uses 8-10 pounds for the same grain capacity. Over 10 years in Bakersfield, this difference compounds to 3,000-4,000 pounds of additional salt, representing $600-800 in unnecessary operating expenses.

5. The SoftPro Elite HE: Built for Bakersfield's Water

After evaluating Bakersfield's water hardness of 13.2 GPG and the presence of chlorine, iron, and nitrates in the local supply, one system consistently rises to the top for Bakersfield homeowners: the SoftPro Elite HE Water Softener. This isn't marketing speak — it's the logical conclusion when matching system capabilities to Bakersfield's specific water challenges.

Salt-Based Ion Exchange Technology

Salt-free systems marketed as "conditioners" or "descalers" cannot address 13.2 GPG hardness effectively. These systems attempt to change calcium and magnesium crystal structure without removing the minerals — a process that shows limited effectiveness above 7 GPG and becomes essentially useless at Bakersfield's extreme hardness levels. The SoftPro Elite HE uses proven cation exchange resin that physically removes calcium and magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium to deliver genuinely soft water capable of preventing scale formation.

Demand-Initiated Regeneration (DIR)

At 13.2 GPG, resin capacity exhausts faster than most homeowners expect — traditional time-based regeneration cycles cannot adapt to actual usage patterns. DIR technology monitors water flow and hardness removal in real-time, initiating regeneration only when the resin bed approaches saturation. For Bakersfield households, this prevents hard water breakthrough during high-usage periods while avoiding wasteful over-regeneration during lighter consumption days.

NSF/ANSI Standard 44 Certified Components

Independent certification verifies that resin and components meet strict performance and materials safety standards. For Bakersfield residents already managing chlorine, iron, and nitrate concerns, knowing the softening process itself doesn't introduce additional contaminants provides essential peace of mind about overall water quality.

 water softener article supporting image 5

Multiple Grain Capacity Options

The SoftPro Elite HE offers 32,000, 48,000, 64,000, and 80,000-grain capacity models to match Bakersfield household sizes precisely. Using the earlier calculation for a 4-person Bakersfield household (33,264 grains needed weekly), the 48,000-grain model provides optimal 5-7 day regeneration intervals, while larger families benefit from 64,000 or 80,000-grain capacities to maintain efficiency at higher daily grain demands.

Iron Pre-Filtration Compatibility

The SoftPro Elite HE is engineered to work downstream of iron-specific filtration media, addressing Bakersfield's dual challenge of iron contamination and extreme hardness. Iron levels above 0.3 mg/L will foul standard softener resin over time, but the system's design accommodates upstream iron removal to protect resin investment and maintain optimal performance throughout the unit's service life.

Advanced Regeneration Control

Precise salt and rinse cycle programming ensures complete resin regeneration without waste — critical for Bakersfield's frequent regeneration schedule. The system calculates optimal salt dosage based on actual hardness removal, preventing under-regeneration that allows hardness breakthrough and over-regeneration that wastes salt and extends system downtime.

10-Year Warranty Protection

Extremely hard water represents the most demanding operating environment for any water softener — Bakersfield installations need warranty protection during the highest-stress service years. The SoftPro's comprehensive 10-year warranty provides Bakersfield homeowners with manufacturer backing precisely when 13.2 GPG hardness places maximum demands on system components.

For Bakersfield households dealing with 13.2 GPG of water hardness and the compounding presence of chlorine, iron, and nitrates, the SoftPro Elite HE is not a comfort upgrade — it is infrastructure protection for your home. The system's design anticipates and addresses every challenge present in Bakersfield's water profile, from extreme hardness capacity to compatibility with necessary pre- and post-filtration stages.

6. How to Size Your Softener for Bakersfield

Proper sizing for Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG hardness requires precise calculation — guessing leads to either inadequate capacity or unnecessary expense. Follow this step-by-step process to determine the exact grain capacity your household needs.

Step 1: Count household members (include any regular overnight guests)

Step 2: Multiply by 75 gallons per person per day (standard residential usage)

Step 3: Multiply household gallons × 13.2 GPG = daily grain demand

Step 4: Multiply daily grains × 7 = weekly grain demand

Step 5: Add 20% buffer for high-usage days (laundry, guests, etc.)

Step 6: Match result to SoftPro Elite HE grain capacity tier

 water softener article supporting image 6

Example for 4-person Bakersfield household:

4 people × 75 gallons = 300 gallons per day
300 gallons × 13.2 GPG = 3,960 grains per day
3,960 grains × 7 days = 27,720 grains per week
27,720 + 20% buffer = 33,264 grains needed
Recommendation: 48,000-grain SoftPro Elite HE

This sizing delivers regeneration every 5-7 days under normal usage — the optimal frequency for salt efficiency and consistent soft water delivery. Regenerating more frequently wastes salt and water; less frequently risks hard water breakthrough during peak demand periods.

7. Installation in Bakersfield: What to Know

Bakersfield does not require licensed plumber installation for residential water softeners, but the extreme hardness environment makes professional installation strongly recommended. Proper placement, sizing of drain lines, and integration with existing plumbing become critical when the system will regenerate 2-3 times more frequently than in moderate hardness cities.

System placement follows standard protocol: after the main water shutoff valve but before the water heater. This position treats all hot water while allowing bypass of outdoor irrigation lines that don't require (and shouldn't receive) softened water. In Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG environment, treating hot water first provides immediate protection for the home's most expensive and vulnerable appliance.

Drain line requirements become more demanding in Bakersfield installations due to frequent regeneration cycles. The system needs a reliable drain capable of handling 40-60 gallons of discharge water every 5-7 days, with proper air gap protection to prevent backflow contamination of the softener's control valve.

Bakersfield's typical municipal water pressure ranges from 45-65 PSI — well within the SoftPro Elite HE's operating requirements. However, homes with private wells or pressure tanks should verify adequate flow rate (minimum 5 GPM) to ensure proper regeneration cycle completion and avoid extending system downtime.

 water softener article supporting image 7

Salt selection becomes crucial at 13.2 GPG consumption levels. Use only evaporated salt pellets — the highest purity option that minimizes brine tank residue and extends resin life under extreme hardness conditions. Solar crystals and rock salt contain impurities that accelerate resin fouling when regeneration occurs multiple times per week.

Plan to check salt levels every 2-3 weeks in Bakersfield installations. High grain consumption means rapid salt depletion, and running out of salt allows immediate hard water breakthrough that can damage appliances within days of system failure.

8. Maintenance Schedule for Bakersfield Homeowners

Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG hardness accelerates every aspect of softener maintenance — what other cities do quarterly becomes monthly, and annual tasks need attention every six months. Following this schedule prevents premature system failure and maintains optimal performance under extreme hardness stress.

Monthly Tasks

Check salt level religiously — high grain consumption depletes salt faster than homeowners expect. Maintain salt level above the water line in the brine tank, but don't overfill beyond the tank's capacity markings. Look for salt bridges (hard crust formation above water level) that prevent proper brine formation and cause regeneration failure.

Test post-softener water hardness using test strips. Properly functioning systems should deliver under 1 GPG consistently. Any reading above 2 GPG indicates resin exhaustion, salt depletion, or system malfunction requiring immediate attention.

Quarterly Tasks

Complete brine tank cleaning to remove accumulated sediment and salt residue. At 13.2 GPG consumption rates, mineral buildup and salt impurities accumulate faster than in moderate hardness environments. Empty the tank completely, scrub interior surfaces, and inspect the brine well for proper operation.

Inspect and clean the iron pre-filter if installed. Bakersfield's iron content can clog filtration media within 3-4 months, reducing flow rate and allowing iron breakthrough to the softener resin.

 water softener article supporting image 8

Semi-Annual Tasks

Conduct complete system performance evaluation including regeneration cycle timing, salt dosage accuracy, and resin bed condition. Document water hardness before and after the system, flow rates during service and regeneration, and any unusual noises or extended cycle times that indicate developing problems.

Clean or replace any sediment pre-filters. Bakersfield's aging pipe infrastructure contributes particulate matter that clogs filters more rapidly than newer municipal systems.

Annual Tasks

Consider resin cleaning or replacement evaluation — extreme hardness environments stress resin beyond typical service life expectations. If post-softener hardness creeps above 1 GPG despite proper salt levels and regeneration cycles, resin capacity may be permanently reduced and require professional assessment.

Calibrate regeneration programming based on actual household usage patterns. Growing families, water usage habit changes, or seasonal variations may require capacity adjustments to maintain optimal 5-7 day regeneration intervals.

9. Is Bakersfield's water at 13.2 GPG dangerous to drink?

Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG hardness is not dangerous to drink from a health perspective — calcium and magnesium are essential minerals that can contribute to daily nutritional needs. The EPA does not regulate hardness as a health concern, and many bottled mineral waters contain similar or higher concentrations of these minerals as selling points.

However, the extremely hard classification creates serious problems for home infrastructure, appliances, and daily living costs that make treatment essential for financial rather than health reasons.

10. Will a water softener remove chlorine, iron, and nitrates from Bakersfield water?

Water softeners remove only hardness minerals (calcium and magnesium) through ion exchange — they do not remove chlorine, iron, or nitrates reliably. Bakersfield residents need additional treatment stages:

Chlorine: Requires activated carbon filtration after the softener
Iron: Needs iron-specific pre-filtration before the softener to prevent resin fouling
Nitrates: Requires reverse osmosis at drinking water taps — softeners cannot address nitrate contamination

11. How much salt will I use per month in Bakersfield at 13.2 GPG?

A properly sized SoftPro Elite HE in Bakersfield will consume approximately 60-80 pounds of salt per month for a 4-person household. This calculation assumes regeneration every 6 days with high-efficiency salt usage of 8-10 pounds per cycle.

Annual salt costs range from $120-160, depending on local pricing and salt type selection. Always use evaporated pellets for maximum efficiency and resin protection.

12. Does Bakersfield require a permit to install a water softener?

The City of Bakersfield does not require permits for residential water softener installation when no new plumbing connections are created. However, if installation involves moving or adding water lines, standard plumbing permits may be required.

Check with Bakersfield's Building Department at (661) 326-3774 if your installation involves significant plumbing modifications or if you're uncertain about permit requirements for your specific situation.

13. Why does soft water feel slippery in the shower?

Soft water feels slippery because soap actually works properly without calcium and magnesium interference. In Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG hard water, soap molecules bind with minerals instead of creating lather, leaving soap scum on your skin that creates a false "clean" feeling.

With soft water, soap rinses completely away, leaving only your skin's natural oils — which feels slippery compared to the mineral residue coating you're accustomed to. This adjustment period lasts 1-2 weeks as you learn to use less soap and appreciate truly clean skin and hair.

14. How quickly will I see results after installing a softener in Bakersfield?

Immediate results (within 24 hours): soap lathers properly, white spotting on dishes disappears, skin and hair feel different in the shower.

Short-term results (1-4 weeks): existing scale deposits begin dissolving gradually, water heater efficiency starts improving, laundry feels softer.

Long-term results (3-6 months): measurable energy savings appear on utility bills, appliance performance improves noticeably, soap and detergent usage drops significantly.

At 13.2 GPG, the contrast between hard and soft water is dramatic enough that most Bakersfield families notice major differences within the first week of operation.

15. Can the SoftPro Elite HE handle Bakersfield's water without a separate filter?

The SoftPro Elite HE will handle Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG hardness completely, but optimal results require additional filtration for iron and chlorine. For iron levels above 0.3 mg/L, install an iron pre-filter upstream to prevent resin fouling. For chlorine taste and odor removal, add activated carbon filtration downstream of the softener.

Nitrates require reverse osmosis at drinking water taps — no whole-house system addresses nitrates cost-effectively for residential applications.

16. What's the total cost of ownership for a SoftPro Elite HE in Bakersfield?

Total 10-year cost of ownership for a 48,000-grain SoftPro Elite HE in Bakersfield:

• Initial system cost: $1,400-1,800
• Installation: $300-600
• Salt (annual): $120-160
• Maintenance: $200-400 (10 years)
Total: $3,600-4,800

Compare this to Bakersfield's annual hard water cost of $1,800-2,400 — the system pays for itself within 2-3 years and saves $15,000-20,000 over its service life.

17. Final Verdict for Bakersfield

Bakersfield's 13.2 GPG water hardness demands professional-grade treatment — this isn't a city where homeowners can ignore water quality and hope for the best. The extreme hardness classification, combined with chlorine, iron, and nitrate contamination, creates a water profile that destroys appliances, wastes money, and impacts daily quality of life in measurable ways.

The SoftPro Elite HE emerges as the clear choice for Bakersfield households because it's specifically engineered for extreme hardness environments. The demand-initiated regeneration handles frequent cycling without waste, the multiple grain capacities accommodate precise sizing for 13.2 GPG consumption, and the 10-year warranty provides protection during the most demanding service conditions any softener faces.

Bakersfield residents cannot treat water softening as optional home improvement — it's essential infrastructure protection that prevents thousands of dollars in premature appliance replacement and energy waste. The mathematics are straightforward: spend $3,600-4,800 for complete water treatment or pay $1,800-2,400 annually forever in hard water damages.

For homeowners ready to protect their investment, check current SoftPro Elite HE pricing and available grain capacities for Bakersfield installation. Size the system properly using the calculations provided, plan for iron and chlorine pre/post filtration, and budget for professional installation to ensure optimal performance under extreme hardness conditions.

In a city where oil derricks dot the landscape and agriculture feeds the nation, Bakersfield residents understand the value of proper equipment for demanding conditions — your home's water treatment deserves the same industrial-strength approach that built the San Joaquin Valley.

Craig

Craig "The Water Guy" Phillips

Learn More

Craig "The Water Guy" Phillips is the founder of Quality Water Treatment (QWT) and creator of SoftPro Water Systems. 

With over 30 years of experience, Craig has transformed the water treatment industry through his commitment to honest solutions, innovative technology, and customer education.

Known for rejecting high-pressure sales tactics in favor of a consultative approach, Craig leads a family-owned business that serves thousands of households nationwide. 

Craig continues to drive innovation in water treatment while maintaining his mission of "transforming water for the betterment of humanity" through transparent pricing, comprehensive customer support, and genuine expertise. 

When not developing new water treatment solutions, Craig creates educational content to help homeowners make informed decisions about their water quality.